Optimal operating regime of an electric vehicle aggregator considering reserve provision

The number of electric vehicles (EVs) is growing rapidly due to environmental concerns and political supports. To better coordinate the charging behaviors large numbers EVs, EV aggregator an important intermediate between electricity market EVs. This work proposes a two-stage optimal operational regime for who participates in multiple markets under uncertainties. In day-ahead stage, joint offering model proposed help concurrently participate both energy reserve price concept capacity ratio introduced allow different decisions aggregators with various risk preferences. real-time rolling horizon control-based multi-resolution scheduling minimize deviation cost deployment uncertainty. uncertainties are modeled using representative scenarios stochastic optimization approach applied acquire solutions. numerical results suggest that can significantly improve profitability studied aggregator. impact ratios also analyzed.